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The production of cement utilizes waste materials in two primary ways, firstly using specific [[Industrial Waste]] and [[Mining & Quarrying Waste]] (and waste from the kiln part of the process itself) as additives and replacement for traditional raw materials, and secondly as a fuel to substitute for the use of traditional fossil fuels in a cement kiln. In 2018 1,414,195 tonnes of waste was used as raw materials and fuel in the production of cement, with just over 43% of kiln thermal input replaced by [[Waste Derived Fuel]]. The five companies manufacturing cement together supplied 78% of the cement consumed in the market in 2018. <ref name=''ref1''>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability Report 2019]</ref>
The production of cement utilizes waste materials in two primary ways, firstly using specific [[Industrial Waste]] and [[Mining & Quarrying Waste]] (and waste from the kiln part of the process itself) as additives and replacement for traditional raw materials, and secondly as a fuel to substitute for the use of traditional fossil fuels in [[Cement Kilns]]. In 2018 1,414,195 tonnes of waste was used as raw materials and fuel in the production of cement, with just over 43% of kiln thermal input replaced by [[Waste Derived Fuel]]. The five companies manufacturing cement together supplied 78% of the cement consumed in the market in 2018. <ref name='ref1'>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability Report 2019]</ref>
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[File:Rotary Cement Kiln105454498 a39b402e4f.jpg|400px|left|Picture of Rotary Cement Kiln: source zkg.de]]__TOC__
[[File:Rotary Cement Kiln105454498 a39b402e4f.jpg|400px|left|Picture of Rotary Cement Kiln: source zkg.de]]__TOC__
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* Stage 6 - '''Packing and Shipping''': the cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos where it is then packed in bags.
* Stage 6 - '''Packing and Shipping''': the cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos where it is then packed in bags.


Not all cement kilns have the total 'end to end' process on site, with some sites producing the clinker for subsequent grinding, blending and packing at a different site. This might include, for example, the introduction of other materials, such as Blast Furnace Slag to produce a Blast Furnace Cement - a highly sulphate resistant cement that typically has around 65% granulated Blast Furnace Slag mixed with the clinker. Categories of cement materials under BS EN 197-1 <ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/directDownload.cfm?id=1353&noexcl=true&t=Cement%20raw%20materials%20  Mineral Planning Fact Sheet BGS 2014 Download]</ref> include:
Some cement kilns send clinker for subsequent grinding, blending and packing at a different site. This might include, for example, the introduction of other materials, such as Blast Furnace Slag to produce a Blast Furnace Cement - a highly sulphate resistant cement that typically has around 65% granulated Blast Furnace Slag mixed with the clinker. Categories of cement materials under BS EN 197-1 <ref>[http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/directDownload.cfm?id=1353&noexcl=true&t=Cement%20raw%20materials%20  Mineral Planning Fact Sheet BGS 2014 Download]</ref> include:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|}
|}


In 2018 the UK produced 7,734,000 tonnes of clinker (from a total listed clinker capacity of UK cement kilns of 10,400,000 tonnes or 74% of capacity), leading to to the manufacture and sale of 10,076,000 million tonnes of cement (including 935,000 tonnes of imported cement) by the five main companies in the UK. Imports by others and other cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBS) bought the total UK cementitious materials to 15,188,000 tonnes in 2018<ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/2018-07-23_ANNUAL_Cementitious.pdf MPA Annual Cementitious 2001-2018]</ref>.
An alternative to Portland cement set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC is used for applications that require a resistance to chemical attack<ref>[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/High_alumina_cement Design Buildings Wiki]</ref>, and with no evidence of the use of waste in their production, the site at Purfleet is included in WikiWaste for completeness only. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:
 
An alternative to Portland cement set out above is the process undertaken at [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] which is focused on the production of High Alumina Cement (HAC) also known as calcium aluminate cement (CAC). HAC is used for applications that require a resistance to chemical attack, and with no evidence of the use of waste in their production, the site at Purfleet is included in WikiWaste for completeness only. Typical uses include<ref>[https://www.imerysaluminates.com/content/en/Our-solutions/Products/CIMENT-FONDU/index.php Imerys Aluminates Website]</ref>:
* a reagent in formulated products
* a reagent in formulated products
* an hydraulic binder base for refractory and specialty concrete
* an hydraulic binder base for refractory and specialty concrete
* an accelerator for Portland cement
* an accelerator for Portland cement
In 2018 the UK produced 7,734,000 tonnes of clinker (from a total listed clinker capacity of UK cement kilns of 10,400,000 tonnes or 74% of capacity, excluding [[Purfleet| Purfleet cement kiln]] ), leading to to the manufacture and sale of 10,076,000 million tonnes of cement (including 935,000 tonnes of imported cement) by the five main companies in the UK. Imports by others and other cementitious materials (fly ash and GGBS) bought the total UK cementitious materials to 15,188,000 tonnes in 2018<ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/2018-07-23_ANNUAL_Cementitious.pdf MPA Annual Cementitious 2001-2018]</ref>.


==Use of Waste - Historical Context==
==Use of Waste - Historical Context==
The introduction of waste materials - or 'Alternative Raw Materials' as coined by the industry - can be as part of the kiln phase or the final grinding stage and it can be used as an additive or as a fuel in the process.  
The introduction of waste materials - or 'Alternative Raw Materials' as coined by the industry - can be as part of the kiln phase or the final grinding stage and it can be used as an additive or as a fuel in the process.  


'''In 1995''' there were 20 'cement factories' in the UK producing around 15 million tonnes a year of cement each year, with the cost of energy in the process representing 40 to 50% of running costs. There was a drive to substitute traditional fuels (coal and petroleum coke) with cheaper fuels slightly before this date, and trials were still running at this time with the ramifications of these trials captured in a Parliamentary Briefing Note<ref>[https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-60/POST-PN-60.pdf Parlimentary Briefing Note 60 April 1995]</ref>. [[Waste Derived Fuel]] had already started to play a more significant role in UK cement processing, in line with other countries (especially in Europe). It started with the use of solvent based hazardous wastes, named by some operators 'Chemfuel', which was being trialed at a substitution of 50% of traditional coal fuel (although at the time 100% substitution occurred in Belgium). At around the same time shredded/chipped waste [[Tyres|tyres]] were starting to also be used in some cement kilns as a [[Waste Derived Fuel]] as both the solvent based wastes and tyres had a high [[CV]] and attracted an income from taking them into a cement kiln. '''By 1998''' the MPA reports that 446,511 tonnes of waste by-products were used as fuel and raw materials, accounting for 4% of cement production and the proportion of fuel comprising waste was 5.7%<ref name = ''ref1''/>.
'''In 1995''' there were 20 'cement factories' in the UK producing around 15 million tonnes a year of cement each year, with the cost of energy in the process representing 40 to 50% of running costs. There was a drive to substitute traditional fuels (coal and petroleum coke) with cheaper fuels slightly before this date, and trials were still running at this time with the ramifications of these trials captured in a Parliamentary Briefing Note<ref>[https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/POST-PN-60/POST-PN-60.pdf Parlimentary Briefing Note 60 April 1995]</ref>. [[Waste Derived Fuel]] had already started to play a more significant role in UK cement processing, in line with other countries (especially in Europe). It started with the use of solvent based hazardous wastes, often referred to as [[Cemfuel]] and by some as a [[Recycled Liquid Fuel]] ([[RLF]]), which was being trialed at a substitution of 50% of traditional coal fuel (although at the time 100% substitution occurred in Belgium). At around the same time shredded/chipped waste [[Tyres|tyres]] were starting to also be used in some cement kilns as a [[Waste Derived Fuel]] as both the solvent based wastes and tyres had a high [[CV]] and attracted an income from taking them into a cement kiln. '''By 1998''' the Mineral Products Association (MPA) reports that 446,511 tonnes of waste by-products were used as fuel and raw materials, accounting for 4% of cement production and the proportion of fuel comprising waste was 5.7%<ref name = 'ref1'/>.


Cement kilns are an option for disposing of hazardous materials because:
Cement kilns are an option for disposing of hazardous materials because:
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'''By 2005''' the range of alternative fuels had expanded in Europe to include [[Tyres|tyres]], [[Plastic|plastic]], [[Paper|paper]], [[RDF]]/[[SRF]], dried [[Sewage Sludge|sewage sludge]], [[MBM|meat and bone meal]] and some other waste streams, with fuel costs typically accounting for 30 to 40% of operating costs<ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291569/scho0106bjzn-e-e.pdf Environment Agency Science report on Solid Waste Derived Fuels in Cement Kilns, an International perspective]</ref>. This was driven by the cement industry looking to reduce its costs and carbon emissions to make a more sustainable product, and by changes in the waste sector around the [[Landfill Directive]] and the introduction of the [[Landfill Tax]] which made cement kilns an alternative outlet for suitably prepared waste materials/[[Waste Derived Fuel]].  
'''By 2005''' the range of alternative fuels had expanded in Europe to include [[Tyres|tyres]], [[Plastic|plastic]], [[Paper|paper]], [[RDF]]/[[SRF]], dried [[Sewage Sludge|sewage sludge]], [[MBM|meat and bone meal]] and some other waste streams, with fuel costs typically accounting for 30 to 40% of operating costs<ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/291569/scho0106bjzn-e-e.pdf Environment Agency Science report on Solid Waste Derived Fuels in Cement Kilns, an International perspective]</ref>. This was driven by the cement industry looking to reduce its costs and carbon emissions to make a more sustainable product, and by changes in the waste sector around the [[Landfill Directive]] and the introduction of the [[Landfill Tax]] which made cement kilns an alternative outlet for suitably prepared waste materials/[[Waste Derived Fuel]].  


'''By 2010''' the MPA reports that 1,528,315 tonnes of waste by-products were used as fuel and raw materials in UK cement manufacture, accounting for 7.2% of cement production and the proportion of fuel comprising waste was 39.7%<ref name = ''ref1''/>.
'''By 2010''' the MPA reports that 1,528,315 tonnes of waste by-products were used as fuel and raw materials in UK cement manufacture, accounting for 7.2% of cement production and the proportion of fuel comprising waste was 39.7%<ref name = 'ref1'/>.


'''By 2018''' the MPA reported there were 12 cement kilns, with 1,414,195 tonnes of recycled content in UK cement manufacture, equivalent to almost 10% of cement production 2018. This same report notes that since 2013 the total waste used has not varied by much more than +/-150,000 tonnes per year, and the proportion fuel comprising waste was 43% in 2018 and has not changed by much more than +/- 1.5% since 2013<ref name = ''ref1''/>.
'''By 2018''' the MPA reported there were 12 cement kilns, with 1,414,195 tonnes of recycled content in UK cement manufacture, equivalent to almost 10% of cement production 2018. This same report notes that since 2013 the total waste used has not varied by much more than +/-150,000 tonnes per year, and the proportion fuel comprising waste was 43% in 2018 and has not changed by much more than +/- 1.5% since 2013<ref name = 'ref1'/>.


In addition to the use of [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in UK cement kilns [[RDF]], and more commonly [[SRF]] due to its higher [[CV]] and more stringent specification, has been increasingly exported from the UK to Europe since 2009. This has been driven by demand in Europe, combined with a flat demand in the UK cement kilns, and an increasing [[Landfill Tax]] that has has made export commercially viable/attractive.
In addition to the use of [[Waste Derived Fuel]] in UK cement kilns [[RDF]], and more commonly [[SRF]] due to its higher [[CV]] and more stringent specification, has been increasingly exported from the UK to Europe since 2009. This has been driven by demand in Europe, combined with a flat demand in the UK cement kilns, and an increasing [[Landfill Tax]] that has has made export commercially viable/attractive.
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==List of UK Cement Kilns==
==List of UK Cement Kilns==
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#clear_external_data:}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy |from=cementkilns |data=site=site,id=id,company=company}}
{{#get_db_data: db=engy |from=cementkilns |data=site=site,id=id,company=company,ctype=ctype}}


More detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page:
There are 12 operational cement kilns in the UK, listed below and shown on the map in green, and more detailed information can be found by clicking through to the site-specific page. On the map the grinding & blending sites of the same five key operators are also shown coloured white<ref name = 'ref1'/> - these sites do not have a kiln on site and do not have a permit or any record of handling waste:
[[File:Cementkilns.png|600px|right|Cement Kilns in the UK]]
[[File:Cementkilns.png|600px|right|Cement Kilns in the UK]]
{|Class="wikitable"
{|Class="wikitable sortable"
! ID !! Site Name !! Operating Company
! ID !! Site Name !! Plant Type !! Operating Company
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{#for_external_table:<nowiki/>
{{!}}-
{{!}}-
{{!}} {{{id}}}.
{{!}} {{{id}}}.
{{!}} [[{{{site}}}]]
{{!}} [[{{{site}}}]]
{{!}} {{{ctype}}}
{{!}} [[{{{company}}}]]
{{!}} [[{{{company}}}]]
}}
}}
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==Use of Waste - Current Context==
==Use of Waste - Current Context==
The UK cement kilns, on the whole, have waste permits and complete returns of the waste handled each quarter. The most recent data for each site is listed in the site specific page per cement kiln, although no returns have been made/are available for [[Cookstown]], [[Purfleet]] and [[Dunbar]]. An analysis of the waste returns for 2018 totals 753,784 tonnes - out of the 1,414,195 tonnes reported by the MPA<ref name = ''ref1''/>. The difference can be accounted for via several factors:
The UK cement kilns, on the whole, have waste permits and complete returns of the waste handled each quarter. The most recent data for each site is listed in the site specific page per cement kiln, although no returns have been made/are available for [[Cookstown]], [[Purfleet]] and [[Dunbar]]. An analysis of the waste returns is shown below - out of the 1,414,195 tonnes reported by the MPA (in 2018)<ref name = 'ref1'/>. The difference can be accounted for via several factors:
* There are no returns for 3 cement kilns
* There are no returns for 3 cement kilns
* The material may not be captured by the waste reports <ref> As an example, Blast Furnace Slag is considered a primary input for this type of cement, it is not defined as waste by the producer and therefore is not normally captured in [[UK Waste Tonnage]] figures or waste permit returns</ref>
* The material may not be captured by the waste reports <ref> As an example, Blast Furnace Slag is considered a primary input for this type of cement, it is not defined as waste by the producer and therefore is not normally captured in [[UK Waste Tonnage]] figures or waste permit returns</ref>
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{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
!EWC Code!!Waste Description!!Tonnes (2018)
!EWC Code!!Waste Description!!Tonnes (2018)!!Tonnes (2019)!! Tonnes (2020)!! Tonnes (2021)
|-
|[[EWCChap01|01 04 08]]||waste gravel and crushed rocks other than those mentioned in 01 04 07||style='text-align:right;'|796
|-
|[[EWCChap02|02 02 02]]||animal-tissue waste ''- the code typically used for [[MBM]]''||style='text-align:right;'|1,639
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap02|02 02 03]]||materials unsuitable for consumption or processing||style='text-align:right;'|8,360
|[[EWCChap01|01 04 08]]||waste gravel and crushed rocks other than those mentioned in 01 04 07||style='text-align:right;'|796||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap06|06 02 01*]]||calcium hydroxide||style='text-align:right;'|1,189
|[[EWCChap02|02 02 02]]||animal-tissue waste ''- the code typically used for [[MBM]]''||style='text-align:right;'|1,639||style='text-align:right;'|25||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap10|10 01 02]]||coal fly ash||style='text-align:right;'|180,493
|[[EWCChap02|02 02 03]]||materials unsuitable for consumption or processing||style='text-align:right;'|8,360||style='text-align:right;'|890||style='text-align:right;'|5,129||style='text-align:right;'|5,088
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap10|10 01 15]]||bottom ash, slag and boiler dust from co-incineration other than those mentioned in 10 01 14||style='text-align:right;'|384
|[[EWCChap03|03 03 05]]||de-inking sludges from paper recycling||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|3,929
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap10|10 02 13*]]||sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|24,172
|[[EWCChap06|06 02 01*]]||calcium hydroxide||style='text-align:right;'|1,189||style='text-align:right;'|1,128||style='text-align:right;'|1,628||style='text-align:right;'|928
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap16|16 01 03]]||end-of-life tyres||style='text-align:right;'|69,224
|[[EWCChap10|10 01 02]]||coal fly ash||style='text-align:right;'|180,493||style='text-align:right;'|150,025||style='text-align:right;'|215,028||style='text-align:right;'|152,997
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap16|16 08 04]]||spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (except 16 08 07)||style='text-align:right;'|2,509
|[[EWCChap10|10 01 05]]||calcium based reaction waste||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|750||style='text-align:right;'|725
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 01 13*]]||fly ash containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|29
|[[EWCChap10|10 02 01]]||wastes from the processing of slag||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|554
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 02 08*]]||liquid combustible wastes containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|84,249
|[[EWCChap10|10 01 15]]||bottom ash, slag and boiler dust from co-incineration other than those mentioned in 10 01 14||style='text-align:right;'|384||style='text-align:right;'|595||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 02 10]]||combustible wastes other than those mentioned in 19 02 08 and 19 02 09||style='text-align:right;'|18,643
|[[EWCChap10|10 02 13*]]||sludges and filter cakes from gas treatment containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|30,015||style='text-align:right;'|45,432||style='text-align:right;'|45,917||style='text-align:right;'|35,621
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 08 05]]||sludges from treatment of urban waste water||style='text-align:right;'|25,522
|[[EWCChap10|10 03 30]]||wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses other than those mentioned in 10 03 29||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|820||style='text-align:right;'|2,850||style='text-align:right;'|4,523
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 08 13*]]||sludges containing dangerous substances from other treatment of industrial waste water||style='text-align:right;'|3,412
|[[EWCChap10|10 12 06]]||discarded moulds||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|28||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 09 02]]||sludges from water clarification||style='text-align:right;'|3,773
|[[EWCChap13|13 07 01*]]||fuel oil and diesel||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|206
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 01]]||paper and cardboard||style='text-align:right;'|5,226
|[[EWCChap16|16 01 03]]||end-of-life tyres||style='text-align:right;'|77,879||style='text-align:right;'|90,138||style='text-align:right;'|101,543||style='text-align:right;'|89,906
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 04]]||plastic and rubber||style='text-align:right;'|5,469
|[[EWCChap16|16 01 04]]||non-hazardous inorganic wastes||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|28||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 10]]||combustible waste (refuse derived fuel) ''- the code typically used for [[SRF]]''||style='text-align:right;'|251,730
|[[EWCChap16|16 08 04]]||spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (except 16 08 07)||style='text-align:right;'|2,509||style='text-align:right;'|2,376||style='text-align:right;'|1,022||style='text-align:right;'|1,669
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 11*]]||other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of waste containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|100
|[[EWCChap19|19 01 13*]]||fly ash containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|29||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|52||style='text-align:right;'|1,705
|-
|-
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 12]]||other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11||style='text-align:right;'|66,865
|[[EWCChap19|19 02 08*]]||liquid combustible wastes containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|84,249||style='text-align:right;'|91,963||style='text-align:right;'|77,033||style='text-align:right;'|58,536
|}
 
In the table above the [[EWC]] code for the waste is shown as well as the description - [[Hazardous Waste]] is signified by entries where the six-digit [[EWC]] code is marked by an asterisk (*). Note that the two codes [[EWCChap19|19 12 10]] (generally [[SRF]]) and [[EWCChap19|19 12 12]] (generally [[RDF]], but can be used to describe 'process fines' by some operators) which together account for 318,595 tonnes (or 42% of the tonnage recorded) and comes primarily from the processing of [[Residual Waste]]. The other primary codes used as fuel are [[EWCChap19|19 02 08*]] (the solvent based fuels) and [[EWCChap16|16 01 03]] (waste tyres) which together account for 153,474 tonnes (or 20% of the tonnage recorded) meaning that of the 753,783 tonnes recorded in 2018, 62% were from 4 waste types that all were used as fuel in the cement process. Tonnage of [[MBM]] and [[Wood Waste]], which may have been higher in previous years are not shown to be so high in 2018, as alternative [[Biomass Waste EFW]] plants have been developed for them that have competed with the cement kilns.
 
==List of UK Grinding and Blending Sites==
The following sites are listed as grinding and blending sites only, with no cement kiln on site<ref name = ''ref1''/>:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Site !! Company !! Process
|[[EWCChap19|19 02 10]]||combustible wastes other than those mentioned in 19 02 08 and 19 02 09||style='text-align:right;'|18,643||style='text-align:right;'|20,635||style='text-align:right;'|7,122||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
| Tilbury || [[Cemex]] || Grinding and Blending
|[[EWCChap19|19 04 01]]||vitrified waste||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|0||style='text-align:right;'|1,465
|-
|-
| Dagenham || [[Breeden]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 08 05]]||sludges from treatment of urban waste water||style='text-align:right;'|25,522||style='text-align:right;'|23,062||style='text-align:right;'|17,917||style='text-align:right;'|19,250
|-
|-
| Dewsbury || [[Breeden]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 08 13*]]||sludges containing dangerous substances from other treatment of industrial waste water||style='text-align:right;'|3,412||style='text-align:right;'|2,875||style='text-align:right;'|3,059||style='text-align:right;'|3,555
|-
|-
| Theale || [[Breeden]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 09 02]]||sludges from water clarification||style='text-align:right;'|3,773||style='text-align:right;'|2,590||style='text-align:right;'|133||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
| Walsall || [[Breedon]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 01]]||paper and cardboard||style='text-align:right;'|5,226||style='text-align:right;'|6,900||style='text-align:right;'|10,506||style='text-align:right;'|5,813
|-
|-
| Barnstone || [[Tarmac]] || Grinding only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 04]]||plastic and rubber||style='text-align:right;'|5,469||style='text-align:right;'|2,883||style='text-align:right;'|3,192||style='text-align:right;'|9,408
|-
|-
| Celtic Ash || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 07]]||non hazardous wood||style='text-align:right;'|15,541||style='text-align:right;'|28,119||style='text-align:right;'|1,179||style='text-align:right;'|1,503
|-
|-
| Northfleet || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 10]]||combustible waste (refuse derived fuel) ''- the code typically used for [[SRF]]''||style='text-align:right;'|265,493||style='text-align:right;'|334,694||style='text-align:right;'|403,152||style='text-align:right;'|409,485
|-
|-
| Seaham || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 11*]]||other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of waste containing dangerous substances||style='text-align:right;'|100||style='text-align:right;'|928||style='text-align:right;'|257||style='text-align:right;'|1,503
|-
|-
| Scotash || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only
|[[EWCChap19|19 12 12]]||other wastes (including mixtures of materials) from mechanical treatment of wastes other than those mentioned in 19 12 11||style='text-align:right;'|66,865||style='text-align:right;'|41,151||style='text-align:right;'|931||style='text-align:right;'|0
|-
|-
| West Thurrock || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only
!&nbsp;!!style='text-align:right;'|Totals!!style='text-align:right;'| 797,586 !!style='text-align:right;'|847,230!!style='text-align:right;'|898,456!!style='text-align:right;'|808,369
|}
|}


In the table above the [[EWC]] code for the waste is shown as well as the description - [[Hazardous Waste]] is signified by entries where the six-digit [[EWC]] code is marked by an asterisk (*). Note that the two codes [[EWCChap19|19 12 10]] (generally [[SRF]] and also called [[Climafuel]] by [[Cemex]]) and [[EWCChap19|19 12 12]] (generally [[RDF]], but can be used to describe 'process fines' by some operators) which together account for 318,595 tonnes (or 42% of the tonnage recorded) and comes primarily from the processing of [[Residual Waste]]. The other primary codes used as fuel are [[EWCChap19|19 02 08*]] (the solvent based fuels often known as [[Cemfuel]]) and [[EWCChap16|16 01 03]] (waste tyres) which together account for 153,474 tonnes (or 20% of the tonnage recorded) meaning that of the 753,783 tonnes recorded in 2018, 62% were from four waste types that all were used as fuel in the cement process. Tonnage of [[MBM]] and [[Wood Waste]], which may have been higher in previous years are not shown to be so high in 2018, as alternative [[Biomass Waste EFW]] plants have been developed for them that have competed with the cement kilns.


==References==
==References==
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