Cement Kilns: Difference between revisions
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The production of cement utilizes waste materials in two primary ways, firstly using specific [[Industrial Waste]] and [[Mining & Quarrying Waste]] (and waste from the kiln part of the process itself) as additives and replacement for traditional raw materials, and secondly as a fuel to substitute for the use of traditional fossil fuels in a cement kiln. In 2018 1,414,195 tonnes of waste was used as raw materials and fuel in the production of cement, with just over 43% of kiln thermal input replaced by [[Waste Derived Fuel]]. The five companies manufacturing cement together supplied 78% of the cement consumed in the market in 2018. <ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability report 2019]</ref>. | The production of cement utilizes waste materials in two primary ways, firstly using specific [[Industrial Waste]] and [[Mining & Quarrying Waste]] (and waste from the kiln part of the process itself) as additives and replacement for traditional raw materials, and secondly as a fuel to substitute for the use of traditional fossil fuels in a cement kiln. In 2018 1,414,195 tonnes of waste was used as raw materials and fuel in the production of cement, with just over 43% of kiln thermal input replaced by [[Waste Derived Fuel]]. The five companies manufacturing cement together supplied 78% of the cement consumed in the market in 2018. <ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability report 2019]</ref>. | ||
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | [[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | ||
==The Process== | ==The Process== | ||
There are six main stages of cement manufacture<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>: | There are six main stages of cement manufacture<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>: | ||
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* Stage 6 - '''Packing and Shipping''': the cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos where it is then packed in bags. | * Stage 6 - '''Packing and Shipping''': the cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos where it is then packed in bags. | ||
Not all cement kilns have have the total 'end to end' process on site, with some sites producing the clinker for subsequent grinding, blending and packing at a different site. This might include, for example, the introduction of other materials, such as Blast Furnace Slag to produce a Blast Furnace Cement - a highly sulphate resistant cement that can have up to 65% granulated Blast Furnace Slag mixed with the clinker. As Blast Furnace Slag is considered a primary input for this type of cement, it is not defined as waste and therefore is not normally captured in [[UK Waste Tonnage]]. | The introduction of waste materials - or 'Alternative Raw Materials' as coined by the industry - can be as part of the kiln phase (or Kiln Feed stage) or the final grinding stage (or Interground stage) and the percentage of recycled content of cement in 2018 is summarized in the following graphic and was almost 10% <ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability report 2019]</ref>:see diagram below: | ||
[[File:Cement recycled content graphic.png|400px|left|Figure 2 from MPA Cement Sustainability Report, 2019]] | |||
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Not all cement kilns have have the total 'end to end' process on site, with some sites producing the clinker for subsequent grinding, blending and packing at a different site. This might include, for example, the introduction of other materials, such as Blast Furnace Slag to produce a Blast Furnace Cement - a highly sulphate resistant cement that can have up to 65% granulated Blast Furnace Slag mixed with the clinker. As Blast Furnace Slag is considered a primary input for this type of cement, it is not defined as waste and therefore is not normally captured in [[UK Waste Tonnage]]. | |||
==List of Cement Kilns== | ==List of Cement Kilns== | ||
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==List of Grinding and Blending Sites== | ==List of Grinding and Blending Sites== | ||