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Cement Kilns: Difference between revisions
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[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | [[Category:Technologies & Solutions]] | ||
==The Process== | ==The Process== | ||
There are six main stages of cement manufacture<ref>https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/cement/106-cement-manufacturing-process</ref>: | |||
* Stage 1 - '''Raw Material Extraction''': raw ingredients include limestone, sand and clay, shale, fly ash, mill scale and bauxite. Materials are mined, crushed and reduced in size. | |||
* Stage 2 - '''Grinding, Proportioning and Blending''': the production of a fine homogeneous mix with additives that comprises primarily around 80% limestone and 20% clay. | |||
* Stage 3 - '''Pre-heating Raw Material''': a pre-heating chamber using kiln 'exhaust' gases to reduce energy consumption and pre-condition the raw material into oxides. | |||
* Stage 4 - '''Kiln Phase''': the principle phase which produces a '''clinker''', exiting the kiln in marble-sized nodules - it is the binder that is use din cement products. | |||
* Stage 5 - '''Cooling and Final Grinding''': the clinker is rapidly air-cooled and gypsum (and other active ingredients as required) is added to the clinker and ground to a fine power to produce '''cement''' | |||
* Stage 6 - '''Packing and Shipping''': the cement is conveyed from grinding mills to silos where it is then packed in bags. | |||
Not all cement kilns have have the total 'end to end' process on site, with some sites producing the clinker for subsequent grinding, blending and packing at a different site. This might include, for example, the introduction of other materials, such as Blast Furnace Slag to produce a Blast Furnace Cement - a highly sulphate resistant cement that can have up to 65% granulated Blast Furnace Slag mixed with the clinker. As Blast Furnace Slag is considered a primary input for this type of cement, it is not defined as waste and therefore is not normally captured in [[UK Waste Tonnage]]. | |||
==List of Cement Kilns== | ==List of Cement Kilns== | ||
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==List of Grinding and Blending Sites== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Site !! Company !! Process | |||
|- | |||
| Tilbury || [[Cemex]] || Grinding and Blending | |||
|- | |||
| Dagenham || [[Breeden]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Dewsbury || [[Breeden]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Theale || [[Breeden]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Walsall || [[Breedon]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Barnstone || [[Tarmac]] || Grinding only | |||
|- | |||
| Celtic Ash || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Northfleet || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Seaham || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| Scotash || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only | |||
|- | |||
| West Thorrock || [[Tarmac]] || Blending only | |||
|}<ref>[https://cement.mineralproducts.org/documents/MPA_Cement_SD_Report_2019.pdf MPA Cement Sustainability report 2019]</ref>. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||