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[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
[[Category:Technologies & Solutions]]
Within waste terms [[Incineration]] is a form of thermal [[treatment]] of waste for [[disposal]] or [[recovery]] which can be described by waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), by the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators) or by the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators)(adapted from most recent BREF guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref>).
Within waste terms [[Incineration]] is a form of [[treatment|thermal treatment]] of waste for [[disposal]] or [[recovery]].  
 
[[File:Edmonton.png|240px|left|Edmonton EcoPark EFW]]__TOC__
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==Context and Definition==
==Context and Definition==
In legal terms, a '''‘waste incineration plant’''' means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste, with or without recovery of any energy generated, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal [[treatment]] are subsequently incinerated <ref>As an example, a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that burnt the produced [[Syngas]] to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that processed [[Syngas]] for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator</ref><ref name='ref01'>European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.</ref>. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of [[R1]] it can be classified as a [[recovery]] facility, if it cannot it is classified as a [[disposal]] facility<ref>https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england</ref>. This means that an incinerator that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, but does not meet the energy efficiency of [[R1]], can be described as an '''[[Energy from Waste]]''' ([[EfW]]) facility. An incinerator that meets the [[R1]] criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an '''[[Energy Recovery Facility]]''' ([[ERF]]).
The most recent recent [[BAT|BREF]] guidance<ref name="Inc">[https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/news/new-eu-environmental-standards-waste-incineration BAT and BREF for Waste incineration]</ref> also sets out how incinerators can be described by:
* waste origin (e.g. Municipal Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Residual Waste EFW]] and [[Biomass Waste EFW]]''',
* the nature of the waste (e.g. Hazardous Waste Incinerators), '''and in WikiWaste includes [[Hazardous Waste Incineration]] and [[Clinical Waste Incineration]]'''
* the method/type of incineration (e.g. High Temperature Incinerators).
However, there are a range of other terms used in the sector to describe different types of incineration, the kiln/furnace used, and the [[subsidy]] that may apply to them, and these are captured in the table below:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2|Definitions in Legislation!!rowspan=7 style="padding: 50px"|&nbsp;!!Types!!Temp. Range °C!!Category!!rowspan=7 style="padding: 50px"|&nbsp; !!Kiln/Furnace/Reactor
!colspan=2|Definitions in Legislation!!rowspan=7 style="padding: 50px"|&nbsp;!!Types!!Temp. Range °C!!Category!!rowspan=7 style="padding: 50px"|&nbsp; !!Kiln/Furnace/Reactor
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|[[Fluidised Bed]]
|[[Fluidised Bed]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Gasification]]||rowspan=2|500 - 1600||rowspan=2| [[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]])||[[Reciprocating & Rotary]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gasification]]||rowspan=2|500 - 1600||rowspan=2| [[Advanced Thermal Treatment]] ([[ATT]] and [[ACT]])||[[Rotary]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Incineration without Energy Recovery|Without Energy Recovery]]||[[Plasma]]
|rowspan=3|[[Incineration without Energy Recovery|Without Energy Recovery]]||[[Plasma]]
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|}
|}


In legal terms, a ‘waste incineration plant’ means any stationary or mobile technical unit and equipment dedicated to the thermal treatment of waste, with or without recovery of any energy generated. If the Incinerator can be shown to meet the energy efficiency measurement of [[R1]] it can be classified as a [[recovery]] facility, if it cannot it is classified as a [[disposal]] facility<ref>https://data.gov.uk/dataset/8287c81b-2288-4f14-9068-52bfda396402/r1-status-of-incinerators-in-england</ref>. This means that an incinerator that generates power, and is a net exporter of power, but does not meet the energy efficiency of [[R1]], can be described as an [[Energy from Waste]] ([[EfW]]) facility, even though it is legally classified as a [[disposal]] facility. An incinerator that does meet the [[R1]] criteria is the only type of incinerator under the legislation that can legitimately describe itself as an [[Energy Recovery Facility]] ([[ERF]]).
==History==
 
The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' [[Combustion]] type incineration, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] types over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the [[subsidy]] available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]].
Therefore, the activity is termed [[Incineration]], regardless of the amount of energy generated, or whether the thermal [[treatment]] is of the waste, or whether the gases resulting from the thermal [[treatment]] are subsequently incinerated<ref name='ref01'>European Commission, 2010 Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control). Official Journal of the European Union.</ref> <ref>As an example, a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that burnt the produced [[Syngas]] to generate electricity would be Incineration, whereas a [[Pyrolysis]] facility that processed [[Syngas]] for vehicle fuel would not be classed as an incinerator</ref>.  The three main types of thermal process are:
* [[Combustion]],
* [[Gasification]]
* [[Pyrolysis]]  


The large majority of incinerators built and operating to date in the UK are based on 'conventional' combustion, with some development of [[Gasification]] and [[Pyrolysis]] over the last 10 to 15 years in the UK, with varying degrees of success. These [[ATT]]/[[ACT]] types of technology were encouraged by the subsidies available for power generation under the [[Renewables Obligation]]. The three types of incineration can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common systems for [[Municipal Solid Waste]] (and similar [[Residual Waste]]) are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]). For the [[treatment]] of [[Hazardous Waste]] the more common systems are based on [[Rotary Kilns]].
The three types of incineration can have a variety of different furnaces (also termed kilns and reactors) and associated systems to ensure the uniform treatment and residence time of the waste in the kiln/reactor. The most common kilns/furnaces are [[Grate]] based (there are at least five different type of [[Grate]]), with [[Fluidised Bed]] kilns/furnaces more commonly used in [[Gasification]]. For the [[treatment]] of [[Hazardous Waste]] the more common kilns/systems are based on [[Rotary Kilns]].


==Emissions==
==Emissions==
The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the framework for regulating across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]).
The standards for emissions limits, monitoring, waste reception and treatment standards that are acceptable for waste incineration plants were set in the [[Waste Incineration Directive]] (2000/76/EC) and updated in the [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] (2010/75/EU)<ref name='ref01' />. The [[Industrial Emissions Directive]] provides the framework for regulating across the EU and requires such installations to hold a [[Environmental Permit|Permit]] based on the use of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]).


On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref name="Inc" /> for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]) Reference Document ([[BREF]]) for Waste Incineration.
On the 3rd December 2019 new EU standards were published for waste incineration <ref name="Inc" /> for new emissions, monitoring and efficiency standards. The new specifications stem from a review of [[Best Available Technique]] ([[BAT]]) Reference Document ([[BAT|BREF]]) for Waste Incineration.


==References==
==References==
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