Glass: Difference between revisions

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 Glass is defined as 'a hard, transparent material, used to make windows, bottles, and other objects'<ref>Cambridge Dictionary, 2019. [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/glass GLASS | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.] [online] [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].</ref>. It is formed from a melt by cooling to rigidity without crystallization and is a usually transparent or translucent material consisting typically of a mixture of silicates'<ref>Marriam-Webster, 2019. [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glass Definition of GLASS. Merriam-webster.com.] [online] [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].</ref>.
-Glass is a resource that can be continuously recycled without a decline in quality. The four main constituents of glass are sand, soda ash, limestone and other additives for colour or special treatments, these materials are not in shortage but the quarrying required to obtain them is energy-intensive and has consequential environmental impacts<ref name="foo"/>.
+Glass is a resource that can be continuously recycled without a decline in quality. The four main constituents of glass are sand, soda ash, limestone and other additives for colour or special treatments, these materials are not in shortage but the quarrying required to obtain them is energy-intensive and has consequential environmental impacts <ref> name="foo"</ref>.
-In the UK, about 50% of glass waste arises from containers (bottles, jars, etc), this is a figure that has doubled in the last 5 years but is still behind many countries, for example, Switzerland and Finland recycle over 90% of their glass <ref name="foo">Recyclenow, 2019. [https://www.recyclenow.com/recycling-knowledge/how-is-it-recycled/glass How are glass bottles recycled? | Recycle Now.] Recyclenow.com. [online] [Accessed 5 Dec. 2019].</ref>. To be recycled, glass undergoes the following steps after it is collected from kerbside or bottle banks:
+Glass is collected by local authorities and waste collection businesses as either a separate stream or as a mixed stream with [[Dry Recyclables]] for subsequent sorting at a suitable [[MRF]] (although this is increasingly being seen as an impediment to the quality of the other [[Dry Recyclables]] as glass breaks and contaminates them).
-*crushing and contaminants removed (mechanised colour sorting is usually undertaken at this stage if required)
-*mixing with the raw materials to colour and/or enhance properties as necessary
+Glass is processed and recycled by crushing into a cullet and then colour sorting as required prior to then putting back into remelt to make new products (i.e. bottles and jars) although other options include, for example, using cullet (that has not been colour sorted but has been sized and processed appropriately) as a [[Secondary Aggregate]] or as a filtration medium.
-*melting in a furnace
-*moulding or blowing into new bottles or jars<ref name="foo" />.
+A large proportion of glass is considered [[Packaging Waste]] and the [[Package Recovery Note]] target required is sub-divided into a remelt target to ensure glass has a higher financial incentive to go into a remelt use than a 'lower value' aggregate use.
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 == Macro Tonnages ==
 The most recent information published by [[DEFRA]] <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/digest-of-waste-and-resource-statistics-2018-edition Digest of Waste Resources 2018] reporting data from 2016</ref> <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-waste-data UK Statistics on Waste 2019] updating some of the 2018 Digest with 2017 data</ref>is summarized in the pie chart below, with 1,338,153 tonnes of glass waste generated in the UK in 2016 and is part of the broader tonnage summarized in [[UK Waste Tonnage]]:
 [[File:Glass Waste Pie Chart.png|frame|center|Glass Waste - Tonnage Reported as Generated by DEFRA in 2016]]
+The tonnage reported by local authorities is recorded in [[WasteDataFlow]] in the three main colour types and as a mixed colour type, but will exclude that tonnage sent as part of a [[Comingled Recyclate]] sent to a [[MRF]] and these tonnages are listed below.
 == Brown Glass ==
 Below is a list of local authorities that sends more than 2000 tonnes of this material to a single waste operator.